Ufumbuzi - Uwezekano wa kufika katika usambazaji wa kawaida wa kawaida
Njia Zingine za Kutatua
Uwezekano wa kufika katika usambazaji wa kawaida wa kawaidaMaelezo kwa hatua
1. Tafuta uwezekano wa kumalizika wa alama za z hadi
Tumia jedwali la z-takrif positive kupata thamani inayolingana na . Thamani hii ni uwezekano wa cumul unaoweza kuwasili katika eneo la kushoto ya .
Z | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.09 |
0.0 | 0.5 | 0.50399 | 0.50798 | 0.51197 | 0.51595 | 0.51994 | 0.52392 | 0.5279 | 0.53188 | 0.53586 |
0.1 | 0.53983 | 0.5438 | 0.54776 | 0.55172 | 0.55567 | 0.55962 | 0.56356 | 0.56749 | 0.57142 | 0.57535 |
0.2 | 0.57926 | 0.58317 | 0.58706 | 0.59095 | 0.59483 | 0.59871 | 0.60257 | 0.60642 | 0.61026 | 0.61409 |
0.3 | 0.61791 | 0.62172 | 0.62552 | 0.6293 | 0.63307 | 0.63683 | 0.64058 | 0.64431 | 0.64803 | 0.65173 |
0.4 | 0.65542 | 0.6591 | 0.66276 | 0.6664 | 0.67003 | 0.67364 | 0.67724 | 0.68082 | 0.68439 | 0.68793 |
0.5 | 0.69146 | 0.69497 | 0.69847 | 0.70194 | 0.7054 | 0.70884 | 0.71226 | 0.71566 | 0.71904 | 0.7224 |
0.6 | 0.72575 | 0.72907 | 0.73237 | 0.73565 | 0.73891 | 0.74215 | 0.74537 | 0.74857 | 0.75175 | 0.7549 |
0.7 | 0.75804 | 0.76115 | 0.76424 | 0.7673 | 0.77035 | 0.77337 | 0.77637 | 0.77935 | 0.7823 | 0.78524 |
0.8 | 0.78814 | 0.79103 | 0.79389 | 0.79673 | 0.79955 | 0.80234 | 0.80511 | 0.80785 | 0.81057 | 0.81327 |
0.9 | 0.81594 | 0.81859 | 0.82121 | 0.82381 | 0.82639 | 0.82894 | 0.83147 | 0.83398 | 0.83646 | 0.83891 |
1.0 | 0.84134 | 0.84375 | 0.84614 | 0.84849 | 0.85083 | 0.85314 | 0.85543 | 0.85769 | 0.85993 | 0.86214 |
1.1 | 0.86433 | 0.8665 | 0.86864 | 0.87076 | 0.87286 | 0.87493 | 0.87698 | 0.879 | 0.881 | 0.88298 |
1.2 | 0.88493 | 0.88686 | 0.88877 | 0.89065 | 0.89251 | 0.89435 | 0.89617 | 0.89796 | 0.89973 | 0.90147 |
1.3 | 0.9032 | 0.9049 | 0.90658 | 0.90824 | 0.90988 | 0.91149 | 0.91308 | 0.91466 | 0.91621 | 0.91774 |
1.4 | 0.91924 | 0.92073 | 0.9222 | 0.92364 | 0.92507 | 0.92647 | 0.92785 | 0.92922 | 0.93056 | 0.93189 |
1.5 | 0.93319 | 0.93448 | 0.93574 | 0.93699 | 0.93822 | 0.93943 | 0.94062 | 0.94179 | 0.94295 | 0.94408 |
1.6 | 0.9452 | 0.9463 | 0.94738 | 0.94845 | 0.9495 | 0.95053 | 0.95154 | 0.95254 | 0.95352 | 0.95449 |
1.7 | 0.95543 | 0.95637 | 0.95728 | 0.95818 | 0.95907 | 0.95994 | 0.9608 | 0.96164 | 0.96246 | 0.96327 |
1.8 | 0.96407 | 0.96485 | 0.96562 | 0.96638 | 0.96712 | 0.96784 | 0.96856 | 0.96926 | 0.96995 | 0.97062 |
1.9 | 0.97128 | 0.97193 | 0.97257 | 0.9732 | 0.97381 | 0.97441 | 0.975 | 0.97558 | 0.97615 | 0.9767 |
2.0 | 0.97725 | 0.97778 | 0.97831 | 0.97882 | 0.97932 | 0.97982 | 0.9803 | 0.98077 | 0.98124 | 0.98169 |
2.1 | 0.98214 | 0.98257 | 0.983 | 0.98341 | 0.98382 | 0.98422 | 0.98461 | 0.985 | 0.98537 | 0.98574 |
2.2 | 0.9861 | 0.98645 | 0.98679 | 0.98713 | 0.98745 | 0.98778 | 0.98809 | 0.9884 | 0.9887 | 0.98899 |
2.3 | 0.98928 | 0.98956 | 0.98983 | 0.9901 | 0.99036 | 0.99061 | 0.99086 | 0.99111 | 0.99134 | 0.99158 |
2.4 | 0.9918 | 0.99202 | 0.99224 | 0.99245 | 0.99266 | 0.99286 | 0.99305 | 0.99324 | 0.99343 | 0.99361 |
2.5 | 0.99379 | 0.99396 | 0.99413 | 0.9943 | 0.99446 | 0.99461 | 0.99477 | 0.99492 | 0.99506 | 0.9952 |
2.6 | 0.99534 | 0.99547 | 0.9956 | 0.99573 | 0.99585 | 0.99598 | 0.99609 | 0.99621 | 0.99632 | 0.99643 |
2.7 | 0.99653 | 0.99664 | 0.99674 | 0.99683 | 0.99693 | 0.99702 | 0.99711 | 0.9972 | 0.99728 | 0.99736 |
2.8 | 0.99744 | 0.99752 | 0.9976 | 0.99767 | 0.99774 | 0.99781 | 0.99788 | 0.99795 | 0.99801 | 0.99807 |
2.9 | 0.99813 | 0.99819 | 0.99825 | 0.99831 | 0.99836 | 0.99841 | 0.99846 | 0.99851 | 0.99856 | 0.99861 |
3.0 | 0.99865 | 0.99869 | 0.99874 | 0.99878 | 0.99882 | 0.99886 | 0.99889 | 0.99893 | 0.99896 | 0.999 |
3.1 | 0.99903 | 0.99906 | 0.9991 | 0.99913 | 0.99916 | 0.99918 | 0.99921 | 0.99924 | 0.99926 | 0.99929 |
3.2 | 0.99931 | 0.99934 | 0.99936 | 0.99938 | 0.9994 | 0.99942 | 0.99944 | 0.99946 | 0.99948 | 0.9995 |
3.3 | 0.99952 | 0.99953 | 0.99955 | 0.99957 | 0.99958 | 0.9996 | 0.99961 | 0.99962 | 0.99964 | 0.99965 |
3.4 | 0.99966 | 0.99968 | 0.99969 | 0.9997 | 0.99971 | 0.99972 | 0.99973 | 0.99974 | 0.99975 | 0.99976 |
3.5 | 0.99977 | 0.99978 | 0.99978 | 0.99979 | 0.9998 | 0.99981 | 0.99981 | 0.99982 | 0.99983 | 0.99983 |
3.6 | 0.99984 | 0.99985 | 0.99985 | 0.99986 | 0.99986 | 0.99987 | 0.99987 | 0.99988 | 0.99988 | 0.99989 |
3.7 | 0.99989 | 0.9999 | 0.9999 | 0.9999 | 0.99991 | 0.99991 | 0.99992 | 0.99992 | 0.99992 | 0.99992 |
3.8 | 0.99993 | 0.99993 | 0.99993 | 0.99994 | 0.99994 | 0.99994 | 0.99994 | 0.99995 | 0.99995 | 0.99995 |
3.9 | 0.99995 | 0.99995 | 0.99996 | 0.99996 | 0.99996 | 0.99996 | 0.99996 | 0.99996 | 0.99997 | 0.99997 |
A z-score ya inalingana na eneo la
Uwezekano wa jumla kwamba ni
2. Pata uwezekano uliojumlishwa wa thamani za z-scores zilizo kubwa kuliko
Kupata uwezekano wa jumla wa maadili makubwa kuliko , tunahitaji kutoa uwezekano wa jumla wa maadili chini ya kutoka kwa uwezekano wa jumla chini ya curve, ambayo ni sawa na :
Uwezekano wa jumla wa ni
3. Pata uwezekano uliojumlishwa wa thamani za z-scores hadi
Tumia meza ya z-negative kupata thamani inayofanana na . Thamani hii ni uwezekano wa jumla wa eneo upande wa kushoto wa .
Z | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.09 |
-3.9 | 0.00005 | 0.00005 | 0.00004 | 0.00004 | 0.00004 | 0.00004 | 0.00004 | 0.00004 | 0.00003 | 0.00003 |
-3.8 | 0.00007 | 0.00007 | 0.00007 | 0.00006 | 0.00006 | 0.00006 | 0.00006 | 0.00005 | 0.00005 | 0.00005 |
-3.7 | 0.00011 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.00009 | 0.00009 | 0.00008 | 0.00008 | 0.00008 | 0.00008 |
-3.6 | 0.00016 | 0.00015 | 0.00015 | 0.00014 | 0.00014 | 0.00013 | 0.00013 | 0.00012 | 0.00012 | 0.00011 |
-3.5 | 0.00023 | 0.00022 | 0.00022 | 0.00021 | 0.0002 | 0.00019 | 0.00019 | 0.00018 | 0.00017 | 0.00017 |
-3.4 | 0.00034 | 0.00032 | 0.00031 | 0.0003 | 0.00029 | 0.00028 | 0.00027 | 0.00026 | 0.00025 | 0.00024 |
-3.3 | 0.00048 | 0.00047 | 0.00045 | 0.00043 | 0.00042 | 0.0004 | 0.00039 | 0.00038 | 0.00036 | 0.00035 |
-3.2 | 0.00069 | 0.00066 | 0.00064 | 0.00062 | 0.0006 | 0.00058 | 0.00056 | 0.00054 | 0.00052 | 0.0005 |
-3.1 | 0.00097 | 0.00094 | 0.0009 | 0.00087 | 0.00084 | 0.00082 | 0.00079 | 0.00076 | 0.00074 | 0.00071 |
-3.0 | 0.00135 | 0.00131 | 0.00126 | 0.00122 | 0.00118 | 0.00114 | 0.00111 | 0.00107 | 0.00104 | 0.001 |
-2.9 | 0.00187 | 0.00181 | 0.00175 | 0.00169 | 0.00164 | 0.00159 | 0.00154 | 0.00149 | 0.00144 | 0.00139 |
-2.8 | 0.00256 | 0.00248 | 0.0024 | 0.00233 | 0.00226 | 0.00219 | 0.00212 | 0.00205 | 0.00199 | 0.00193 |
-2.7 | 0.00347 | 0.00336 | 0.00326 | 0.00317 | 0.00307 | 0.00298 | 0.00289 | 0.0028 | 0.00272 | 0.00264 |
-2.6 | 0.00466 | 0.00453 | 0.0044 | 0.00427 | 0.00415 | 0.00402 | 0.00391 | 0.00379 | 0.00368 | 0.00357 |
-2.5 | 0.00621 | 0.00604 | 0.00587 | 0.0057 | 0.00554 | 0.00539 | 0.00523 | 0.00508 | 0.00494 | 0.0048 |
-2.4 | 0.0082 | 0.00798 | 0.00776 | 0.00755 | 0.00734 | 0.00714 | 0.00695 | 0.00676 | 0.00657 | 0.00639 |
-2.3 | 0.01072 | 0.01044 | 0.01017 | 0.0099 | 0.00964 | 0.00939 | 0.00914 | 0.00889 | 0.00866 | 0.00842 |
-2.2 | 0.0139 | 0.01355 | 0.01321 | 0.01287 | 0.01255 | 0.01222 | 0.01191 | 0.0116 | 0.0113 | 0.01101 |
-2.1 | 0.01786 | 0.01743 | 0.017 | 0.01659 | 0.01618 | 0.01578 | 0.01539 | 0.015 | 0.01463 | 0.01426 |
-2.0 | 0.02275 | 0.02222 | 0.02169 | 0.02118 | 0.02068 | 0.02018 | 0.0197 | 0.01923 | 0.01876 | 0.01831 |
-1.9 | 0.02872 | 0.02807 | 0.02743 | 0.0268 | 0.02619 | 0.02559 | 0.025 | 0.02442 | 0.02385 | 0.0233 |
-1.8 | 0.03593 | 0.03515 | 0.03438 | 0.03362 | 0.03288 | 0.03216 | 0.03144 | 0.03074 | 0.03005 | 0.02938 |
-1.7 | 0.04457 | 0.04363 | 0.04272 | 0.04182 | 0.04093 | 0.04006 | 0.0392 | 0.03836 | 0.03754 | 0.03673 |
-1.6 | 0.0548 | 0.0537 | 0.05262 | 0.05155 | 0.0505 | 0.04947 | 0.04846 | 0.04746 | 0.04648 | 0.04551 |
-1.5 | 0.06681 | 0.06552 | 0.06426 | 0.06301 | 0.06178 | 0.06057 | 0.05938 | 0.05821 | 0.05705 | 0.05592 |
-1.4 | 0.08076 | 0.07927 | 0.0778 | 0.07636 | 0.07493 | 0.07353 | 0.07215 | 0.07078 | 0.06944 | 0.06811 |
-1.3 | 0.0968 | 0.0951 | 0.09342 | 0.09176 | 0.09012 | 0.08851 | 0.08692 | 0.08534 | 0.08379 | 0.08226 |
-1.2 | 0.11507 | 0.11314 | 0.11123 | 0.10935 | 0.10749 | 0.10565 | 0.10383 | 0.10204 | 0.10027 | 0.09853 |
-1.1 | 0.13567 | 0.1335 | 0.13136 | 0.12924 | 0.12714 | 0.12507 | 0.12302 | 0.121 | 0.119 | 0.11702 |
-1.0 | 0.15866 | 0.15625 | 0.15386 | 0.15151 | 0.14917 | 0.14686 | 0.14457 | 0.14231 | 0.14007 | 0.13786 |
-0.9 | 0.18406 | 0.18141 | 0.17879 | 0.17619 | 0.17361 | 0.17106 | 0.16853 | 0.16602 | 0.16354 | 0.16109 |
-0.8 | 0.21186 | 0.20897 | 0.20611 | 0.20327 | 0.20045 | 0.19766 | 0.19489 | 0.19215 | 0.18943 | 0.18673 |
-0.7 | 0.24196 | 0.23885 | 0.23576 | 0.2327 | 0.22965 | 0.22663 | 0.22363 | 0.22065 | 0.2177 | 0.21476 |
-0.6 | 0.27425 | 0.27093 | 0.26763 | 0.26435 | 0.26109 | 0.25785 | 0.25463 | 0.25143 | 0.24825 | 0.2451 |
-0.5 | 0.30854 | 0.30503 | 0.30153 | 0.29806 | 0.2946 | 0.29116 | 0.28774 | 0.28434 | 0.28096 | 0.2776 |
-0.4 | 0.34458 | 0.3409 | 0.33724 | 0.3336 | 0.32997 | 0.32636 | 0.32276 | 0.31918 | 0.31561 | 0.31207 |
-0.3 | 0.38209 | 0.37828 | 0.37448 | 0.3707 | 0.36693 | 0.36317 | 0.35942 | 0.35569 | 0.35197 | 0.34827 |
-0.2 | 0.42074 | 0.41683 | 0.41294 | 0.40905 | 0.40517 | 0.40129 | 0.39743 | 0.39358 | 0.38974 | 0.38591 |
-0.1 | 0.46017 | 0.4562 | 0.45224 | 0.44828 | 0.44433 | 0.44038 | 0.43644 | 0.43251 | 0.42858 | 0.42465 |
0.0 | 0.5 | 0.49601 | 0.49202 | 0.48803 | 0.48405 | 0.48006 | 0.47608 | 0.4721 | 0.46812 | 0.46414 |
Z-score ya inalingana na eneo la
Uwezekano wa jumla kwamba ni
4. Hesabu uwezekano uliojumlishwa wa thamani kubwa kuliko 3.1 na chini ya -0.56
Ongeza uwezekano wa jumla wa eneo kwa upande wa kulia wa alama kubwa zaidi ya z (kila kitu kwa upande wa kulia wa ) kwa uwezekano wa jumla wa eneo kwa upande wa kushoto wa alama ndogo ya z (kila kitu kwa upande wa kushoto wa ):
Uwezekano wa jumla kuwa ni
Tulifanyaje?
Tafadhali tuache maoni yako.Kwa nini kujifunza hii
Usambazaji wa kawaida ni muhimu kwa sababu tunauona mara nyingi katika maumbile. Tufikirie tukikusanya vipimo vingi visivyohusiana, kama urefu wa binadamu, kusoma kwa shinikizo la damu, au alama za IQ. Vitafuata usambazaji wa kawaida.
Tunaona vitu vingi vya kawaida katika saikolojia. Kwa mfano, uwezo wa kusoma, introversion au kutosheleza kazi. Katika uwekezaji, usambazaji wa kawaida unaonyesha kurudi kwa madarasa ya mali. Ingawa usambazaji huu ni kawaida tu, ni karibu sana, na tunaweza kuutendea kama wa kawaida.
Usambazaji wa kawaida ni rahisi kufanya kazi na. Mitihani mingi ya takwimu inategemea yeye. Zaidi ya hayo, mitihani hii inafanya kazi vizuri hata wakati usambazaji ni kawaida tu. Kwa mfano, ukijua wastani na kiasi cha utambuzi cha seti, na seti inafuata usambazaji wa kawaida, tunaweza kubadilisha kati ya asilimia na alama za jumla.
Usambazaji wowote wa kawaida unaweza kufanywa kawaida kwa usambazaji wa kawaida. Kwa namna hiyo, tunaweza kulinganisha seti mbili au zaidi za data. Kwa kutumia usambazaji wa kawaida, tunaweza kukadiria uwezekano wa matukio yanayohusisha usambazaji wa kawaida. Kwa njia hii, tunaweza kukadiria jinsi mtu atakavyokua kwa mfano.