Step-by-step explanation
1. Parse Roman numeral to integer input
Parse and normalize the Roman numeral input, then validate its canonical form and range.
2. Expand Roman tokens into values
Scan the Roman numeral left-to-right, convert each token (single symbol or subtractive pair) into a numeric value, and prepare the additive expansion.
3. Conclude integer result
Add the expanded values to get the final integer and restate the canonical Roman-to-integer equality.
Why learn this
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Roman numerals still appear in clocks, chapter headings, outlines, and events. Converting them quickly helps in everyday reading and interpretation.